Auras Journal of Sports Sciences The Auras Journal of Sports Sciences is a peer-reviewed international journal published by the Laboratory of Technological Sciences for Educational Sports Activities – Batna2 University. Issued semiannually, it publishes specialized research in sports sciences in Arabic, English, and French, open to researchers worldwide. The journal has an international editorial board that reviews submissions, provides recommendations, and contributes its own research. The board is committed to advancing scientific research to the highest standards of quality while fostering excellence and innovation in the field of physical activity and sports sciences. Journal Information Electronic International Standard Serial Number: (E-ISSN) : 2992-0760 Print International Standard Serial Number: (ISSN) : 2830-9987 Frequency : Biannual (two issues per year). Publisher : Laboratory of Technological Sciences for Educational Sports Activities – Batna2 University, Algeria. Year of Establishment: 2023. Access Type: Open Access. Peer Review System : Double-blind Peer Review. Languages of Publication : Arabic, English, and French. Mail: journal.lstase@univ-batna2.dz Website: https://ojs.univ-batna2.dz/index.php/ajss
Kinematic analysis of the inverted dive (B) from the 5m platform as a basis for developing qualitative gymnastics exercises
This study aims to provide fundamental scientific data to improve reverse diving performance through kinematic analysis and to use its findings as a basis for designing a specific gymnastics-based training program. To achieve this objective, the reverse dive (B) performed by five athletes from the Saudi National Diving Team was recorded and analyzed using a two-dimensional kinematic analysis with the Kinovea software. The results revealed that successful execution of the reverse dive requires a rapid vertical elevation of the body's center of mass, increased joint angles during the take-off phase, full extension of the knee and ankle joints, and rapid flexion of the hip joint immediately after take-off. The findings also indicated that correcting these technical and biomechanical positions through repeated land-based training can contribute significantly to improving performance in the 5-meter platform reverse dive. Based on the kinematic analysis results and the investigated kinematic variables, a specific gymnastics training program was developed to enhance the movement and biomechanical requirements associated with optimal reverse diving performance.
Kinematic Analysis; Reverse Dive; Kinovea; Vertical Velocity.
This study aims to highlight cyberbullying as one of the most significant contemporary psychosocial issues associated with the rapid development of technology and the widespread use of digital communication tools and social media platforms. The study seeks to identify the concept of cyberbullying and its major forms, examine its psychological and social consequences, and present the most important strategies for prevention and intervention. To achieve these objectives, the descriptive-analytical approach was adopted through a review and analysis of relevant literature and previous studies related to cyberbullying. The study addressed the concept of bullying and its various forms, explored the definition, characteristics, and patterns of cyberbullying, and examined the similarities and differences between traditional bullying and cyberbullying. In addition, several theoretical perspectives explaining this phenomenon were reviewed. The findings revealed that cyberbullying represents a modern extension of traditional aggressive behavior; however, it is characterized by a broader reach and greater difficulty of control due to the nature of the digital environment in which it occurs. The results also indicated that exposure to cyberbullying is associated with numerous negative psychological outcomes, including anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, feelings of helplessness, and social isolation, and may even contribute to suicidal ideation among some victims. Furthermore, the study emphasized the importance of integrating educational, familial, media, and legal efforts to prevent cyberbullying and mitigate its adverse effects on individuals and society.
bullying; cyber bullying; psychological social problems; coronavirus pandemic.
Determining selective standard levels for evaluating some anthropometric measurements and physical characteristics for selecting a school handball team (15-17 years)
This study aimed to establish normative standards for evaluating selected anthropometric measurements and physical fitness attributes for the selection of a school handball team among students aged 15–17 years at Barika El Jadida Secondary School, Batna Province, Algeria. These standards were developed using a scientific and standardized approach, with the participation of university academics, handball specialists, and experienced coaches from different regions of the country. The researcher adopted the descriptive method due to its suitability for the nature and objectives of the study. The sample consisted of 120 students who were purposively selected. Data were collected through a series of anthropometric measurements and physical fitness tests and were subsequently analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings enabled the researcher to identify and select a representative school handball team. The study also demonstrated that the periodic establishment of normative standards for selected anthropometric and physical fitness characteristics provides an effective means of monitoring changes in players’ abilities. Such standards can serve as reliable indicators for talent identification and selection, thereby facilitating the work of physical education teachers and coaches in the process of selecting school handball teams.
Normative Standards; Anthropometric Measurements; Physical Fitness Attributes; Evaluation; Handball.
The Effect of a Physical Training Program on Children with Diabetes in Khartoum State
This study aimed to examine the effect of a physical training program on children with diabetes in Khartoum State. The researcher employed an experimental design, utilizing a single-group pre-test and post-test approach. The study relied on insulin testing as the method for data collection. A random sampling method was used to select a study sample of 40 children diagnosed with diabetes. Key findings from the study include statistically significant differences between pre-test and post-test measurements, favoring the post-test in blood sugar levels. The study recommends raising awareness among children with diabetes and their families about the importance of physical activity. It also suggests the development of a tailored nutritional program to regulate blood sugar levels in children and the establishment of specialized physical training centers for children with diabetes.
The role of Palestinian sports media in spreading health, social and national culture among Palestinian university students in light of the Israeli wars
This study aimed to identify the role of sports media in promoting health, social, and national awareness among Palestinian university students during the Israeli wars. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researchers adopted the descriptive-analytical approach. The study population consisted of students from An-Najah National University and Al-Quds University, while a random sample of 300 male and female students from the faculties of physical education at both universities was selected. A questionnaire was used as the main instrument for data collection after its validity and reliability had been established. Following data collection and statistical analysis, the results indicated that the role of sports media in promoting health, social, and national awareness among Palestinian university students during the Israeli wars was moderate. The findings also revealed no statistically significant differences in students’ perceptions of the role of sports media attributable to gender and academic year variables. Based on these findings, the researchers recommended strengthening the role of sports media in promoting health, social, and national awareness among Palestinian university students and developing sports media programs that contribute to enhancing awareness, national belonging, and social cohesion.
Sports Media; Health Awareness; Social Awareness; National Awareness.
The role of sports activity in improving the psychological well-being of students with special needs - Field study at the University of M'sila –
This study aimed to identify the role of sports activity in improving the psychological well-being of university students with special needs and to examine differences in their psychological well-being according to gender and sports participation. The researchers adopted the descriptive approach, using the Psychological Well-Being Scale (Global Life Satisfaction Index) developed by Cummins and translated and adapted by Tilwin Habib (2009). The study sample consisted of 32 male and female students with special needs at Mohamed Boudiaf University of M’sila, including both practitioners and non-practitioners of sports activities during the 2022/2023 academic year. Participants were selected using the comprehensive survey method from various academic specializations. The findings revealed that sports activity plays a positive role in enhancing the psychological well-being of students with special needs. The results also showed statistically significant differences in psychological well-being according to gender, in favor of males, as well as statistically significant differences according to sports participation, in favor of students who regularly practice sports activities. In light of these findings, the study highlights the importance of encouraging students with special needs to engage in sports activities due to their positive impact on psychological well-being and overall quality of life.
Sports Activity; Psychological Well-Being; University Students; Individuals with Special Needs.
The extent to which the objectives of physical education and sports for primary school students are achieved according to the new curriculum, version 2023
This study aims to identify the reality of sports practice in primary schools in Ali Mendjeli City, Constantine. To achieve this objective, the following main research question was formulated: What is the reality of sports practice in primary education? Two sub-questions emerged from this main question: What is the reality of curricular sports practice in primary education? and What is the reality of extracurricular sports practice in primary education? The significance of this study lies in providing a scientific perspective and practical recommendations that may contribute to enhancing school sports at the primary education level. To achieve the study objectives, the descriptive-analytical method was adopted. The study population consisted of primary schools in Ali Mendjeli City (Constantine), while the sample included primary school principals and teachers, as well as physical education and sports teachers in middle and secondary schools responsible for promoting school sports activities. A questionnaire specifically designed for this study was used as the main data collection instrument. It comprised several dimensions covering the study variables. Following data collection, statistical processing, analysis, and interpretation, the findings provided answers to the research questions concerning the reality of curricular and extracurricular sports practice in primary education.
Sports Practice; School Sports; Curricular Sports Activities; Extracurricular Sports Activities.
The Reality of Sports Practice in Primary Education
The Reality of Sports Activities Adopted in Kindergarten Programs and Their Contribution to Achieving Social Integration among Children Aged 3–5 Years
Kindergartens are educational institutions capable of creating all the conditions and opportunities to provide comfort and joy to children, enabling them to develop at their own pace and in a psychological, mental, physical, social and religious manner. The kindergarten is a temporary extension of the family’s role. Experiences have proven that it has many benefits to the child’s moral and social well-being. A thing which makes it look like a natural institution in the social life of any civilized society. Also, it is the initiation of the child’s success in his educational career. Moreover, it reduces the phenomenon of school dropout and failure which overburdens the government and charges it with great expenses. Thus, investing in the development of this institution can bring significant advantages to the individual and the society.
Sports Activities; Kindergartens; Social Integration; Kindergartens’ programs.
The Historical Evolution and Importance of Adapted Physical and Sports Activities for People with Disabilities in Algeria
This study examines the evolution of sports for individuals with disabilities in Algeria, highlighting its progression from modest local efforts to advanced national programs. Adaptive physical activity is defined as activities modified to suit the needs and capabilities of persons with disabilities, and the study explores methods for adapting these activities through specialized equipment and rule modifications. The research emphasizes the importance of such activities in enhancing the physical and mental well-being of people with disabilities, focusing on the foundations and principles such as individual adaptation and providing a supportive environment. Sports for people with disabilities are categorized according to types of disabilities, and the study discusses the hierarchical organization of special education programs to ensure effective and comprehensive education. Finally, the research outlines the various benefits of adapted physical education, including improved physical and mental fitness, enhanced social interaction, and increased independence for individuals with disabilities.
Adapted Physical and Sports Activities; People with Disabilities
Heat-Related Injuries in Football Players: Causes, Symptoms, and Solutions
The study aims to highlight the negative effects of physical training in hot environments on football players, as high temperatures and humidity constitute major challenges during training sessions and competitive matches, The study examines the main physiological changes that occur in the body as a result of exposure to heat stress during physical exertion and their impact on athletic performance, It also reviews the most common heat-related illnesses and injuries, including heat exhaustion, heat cramps, heat syncope, heat fatigue, and heat stroke, while discussing their causes, symptoms, and preventive measures. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of heat acclimatization as a physiological adaptation process that enhances athletes’ ability to tolerate hot environmental conditions and reduces associated health risks. The study concludes that adherence to preventive guidelines, gradual training progression, adequate hydration and electrolyte replacement, and the selection of appropriate training times are among the most effective strategies for preserving players’ health and optimizing performance in hot climates.
the heat exhaustion; heat stroke; heat cramps; football players.
The importance of sports in reducing aggressive behavior among primary school children
The current study attempted to reveal the importance of sport in reducing aggressive behavior among primary school students, as sport is not an activity concerned with the formation of the individual in the physical aspect only, but is considered as an integrated socially, emotionally and educationally unit that addresses the body and mind together, and works to develop and improve some unwanted behaviors, and considering aggression A common phenomenon in the school environment (tantrums of possessiveness, for example) in the child, leads us to say that exercising periodically will make the child feel relaxed and a kind of psychological and social adjustment, so efforts must be intensified and energies be harnessed to research in such areas, and from it we ask the question whether sport has a role In reducing the aggressive behavior among children?
Sports; Aggressive behavior; Primary stage
The Role of Biomechanical Analysis in Enhancing Athletic Performance and Reducing Injuries
Biomechanical analysis is a fundamental pillar in enhancing athletic performance and reducing injuries, combining principles of physics and anatomy to analyze the dynamics of human movement. This science aids in identifying and correcting motion errors, thereby improving efficiency, and plays a vital role in injury prevention by detecting improper movement patterns. Key technologies used in biomechanical analysis include high-speed cameras, force plates, and 3D imaging, which provide precise data to optimize performance and reduce joint strain. With rapid technological advancements, real-time evaluations are now possible using portable tools, enabling coaches to offer immediate recommendations. Furthermore, the integration of artificial intelligence and big data allows for personalized training plans and performance analysis tailored to each athlete’s needs, improving efficiency and reducing injury rates. Research highlights that biomechanical analysis is not merely a tool for performance enhancement but also a critical measure for ensuring athlete safety. Therefore, investing in the development and adoption of this science and its technologies is essential for advancing sports and safeguarding the health of athletes in the future.
Biomechanical Analysis; Athletic Performance Optimization; Injury Prevention in Sports
Eating Behaviors, Physical Activity, and Health
This study aims to highlight the interactive relationship between eating behaviors, physical activity, and their impact on physical and mental health. It examines the role of healthy dietary habits in preventing chronic diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer, while identifying the social, psychological, economic, and environmental factors that influence eating behaviors. The study also discusses the major eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, as well as their health and psychological consequences. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of regular physical activity in improving physical fitness, mental well-being, and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Special attention is given to the interaction between nutrition and physical activity as complementary components of a healthy lifestyle. The study concludes that adopting balanced eating habits and engaging in regular physical activity are essential strategies for promoting public health, preventing disease, and enhancing quality of life.
Eating Behaviors; Physical Activity; Health.
Setting standard levels for the evaluation of health-related fitness items for schoolchildren
This study aims to reveal the health status of schoolchildren, through a set of measurements and tests, especially health-related physical fitness elements by identifying and preparing standard levels of health-related physical fitness elements (cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength fitness and body mass index). Diagnosis is an important process that helps to predict, which can only be by the presence of diagnostic measurements and tests in order to put the examined cases in digital templates indicating a certain degree or a certain level, through which we can develop programs for treatment, correction or strengthening and strengthening, and this is known as evaluation. The research was conducted on a sample of school pupils (13-19 years old) numbering 1200 pupils. After analyzing and discussing the results, we found that most of the standard levels of health-related fitness elements of the research sample are within the acceptable level for both sexes, although the BMI was within a healthy weight (17.3-24.1) This can cause some health problems for this age group, especially in the coming age stages, such as obesity, blood pressure and spinal deviations.
Health; Fitness; normative levels; body mass index; cardio fitness; muscular strength.
Obstacles facing professors of the field of science and techniques of physical and sports activities in employing e-learning to teach applied and theoretical subjects (a field study on some professors of the Batna Institute 2)
We aim through this study to identify the obstacles that prevent the professors of the Institute of Science and Techniques of Physical and Sports Activities from using e-learning at the University of Batna 2 in teaching applied and theoretical standards. Divide it into three main axes according to the research hypotheses: - A special axis for the shortage of capabilities within the Institute - A special axis for administrative obstacles - A special axis for the shortage of teacher training in e-learning Where the random sample of the study included 20 professors from the University of Batna 2, and to achieve the goal of the study, the researcher used several statistical methods, including Alpha Chrome Bach, to ensure stability, percentages to describe the study variables, and the arithmetic mean to determine the level of answer to the study variables, and the results of the study showed that There are a number of obstacles that prevent the teachers of the Institute of Physical and Sports Activities Sciences and Techniques from using e-learning in teaching applied and theoretical standards, which are represented in the lack of capabilities, the lack of experience and the formation of professors in modern technology, in addition to administrative obstacles. Based on the results of the study, many recommendations were made, the most important of which was the necessity of providing the capabilities and means developed within the institutes and providing the infrastructure for e-learning, in addition to organizing and intensifying training courses and seminars on the use of e-learning in teaching.
A study of body mass index levels in children (12-15 years old): A comparative study between rural and urban areas in the state of Batna
This study came with the aim of identifying the level of body mass index (BMI) among rural and urban children in our country, and to find out whether there are differences between rural and city children among the members of the study sample, which numbered (860 children) from the countryside and the city, ranging in age. From 12 to 15 years, they were randomly selected as 430 children from Abdul Hadi Muhammad Middle School in the municipality of Manaa and 430 children from Oulad Bashina Middle School, Base 04, in the city of Batna. Procedures included height and weight measurements to calculate the body mass index (BMI). After collecting the results and statistical analysis, the study concluded that most of the urban and rural children ranged. The body mass index (BMI) among the city children was limited to the sample of males (12 years old) at the thin level, while the rest (males and females) were at the normal level. As for the rural children, it was limited to all. Males (12-15 years old) are at the lean level, and for females, they are at the normal level
body mass index (BMI); rural and urban children;
Study of the levels of teaching competencies of secondary school physical and sports education teachers
The current study aims to examine the extent to which educational competencies indicators are present among physical education teachers in secondary education. To achieve the study's objectives, the researcher employed a descriptive correlational methodology and adopted a comprehensive census approach for the entire population, comprising 126 teachers distributed across 59 secondary schools. The researcher utilized an educational competencies questionnaire divided into four domains, aligned with the core components of educational competencies for physical education teachers. The study concluded that the population demonstrates a high level of core educational competencies and achievement motivation. Additionally, the findings revealed a statistically significant, weak positive correlation between the dimensions of assessment competency, communication competency, and achievement motivation within the study sample. Finally, the researcher recommended the necessity of increasing the number of training courses and scientific and professional seminars to qualify teachers and help them more to acquire and develop educational competencies in a manner that suits their needs by monitoring their performance.
Teaching competencies; assessment; communication; motivation for achievement; planning; implementation
The Reality of Children's Sports Practice in Primary School
This study aimed to investigate the reality of teaching Physical Education and Sports in primary schools by examining the adequacy of teachers’ specialized training, the effectiveness of the curriculum, and the availability of sports facilities, equipment, and learning environments necessary to achieve educational objectives. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and used a questionnaire administered to a random sample of 80 primary school teachers from the districts of Chlef, Oum Drou, and Chattia. The findings revealed a significant lack of specialized training among teachers responsible for teaching Physical Education, which negatively affected their ability to achieve the curriculum objectives. The results also indicated that the time allocated for Physical Education lessons was insufficient, in addition to a severe shortage of sports equipment and facilities and the lack of safety conditions in most schools. The study concluded that the current status of Physical Education and Sports teaching in primary schools does not adequately meet pupils’ needs or support their holistic development. Therefore, the study recommends recruiting specialized teachers, improving sports infrastructure, and providing schools with the necessary equipment and resources.
Physical Education and Sports; Primary School; Specialized Training; Curriculum; Sports Facilities; Educational Equipment.
the impact of small games in learning some basic concepts for kindergarten children (4-5 years)
This study aimed to clarify the impact of small games in learning some basic concepts (arithmetic - shapes - colors...) for kindergarten children (4-5 years), by proposing a model for playing and small games as a means to achieve the objectives of the study, on a sample of 20 children at the level of Noor Al-Yaqeen Kindergarten Tissemsilt, where we relied on the experimental method for its suitability and the nature of the study using the experimental design with two groups (control and experimental), and after data collection and analysis using the SPSS statistical package, the researcher concluded that there are statistically significant differences in the pre and post measurement of the sample. Experimental in favor of dimensional measurement, and the researchers attribute this to the efficacy of the proposed program, and the efficacy of small games in learning some basic academic concepts.
small games; basic concepts; kindergarten children.
The Contribution of School Sports to Achieving Social Adjustment among Secondary School Students
This study examines the contribution of school sports to achieving social adjustment among secondary school students. It aims to clarify the role of school sports in promoting social adjustment among high school students and to highlight their importance in developing a healthy, balanced, and socially integrated personality. Furthermore, the study seeks to identify some characteristics associated with the social adjustment of students who participate in school sports activities. The study population consisted of students from the Titoum Yahya Secondary School. A randomly selected sample of 60 third-year secondary school students was chosen to represent the study population. The descriptive method was adopted as the most appropriate approach for the nature of the study, and a questionnaire was used as the primary tool for data collection. The findings revealed that school sports play a significant role in reducing certain psychological problems experienced by secondary school students. The results also indicated that participation in school sports contributes to the development of students’ abilities and competencies, reduces feelings of loneliness, and enhances their social relationships. Overall, school sports were found to be an effective means of promoting social adjustment among secondary school students.
School sports; adaptation; social adjustment; adolescence.
The Importance of Sport in the Social Adaptation of Children
This study aims to highlight the importance of sport in promoting children's social adaptation by examining the role of sporting activities in developing the social, psychological, and educational dimensions of their personality. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach through the review and analysis of literature and previous studies related to sport and social adaptation. The findings revealed that participation in sports contributes significantly to the development of children's social skills and enhances values such as cooperation, respect, discipline, and responsibility. It also helps children establish positive relationships with their peers and facilitates their integration into different social groups. Furthermore, sport serves as an effective educational tool for transmitting social norms and values, which positively influences children's psychological and social adjustment and their ability to interact effectively with their environment. The study emphasizes the importance of promoting school sports and physical activities for children and providing appropriate sports facilities to encourage wider participation in sporting activities.
Sport; Social Adaptation; Child; Socialization
The effect of learning units based on the competition method in developing some physical qualities (permanence, speed, strength) for middle school students (12-13 years old)
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a competition-based educational program on the development of selected physical fitness components, namely endurance, speed, and power, among second-year middle school students aged 12–13 years. The study also sought to highlight the importance of these fitness components in team sports and to identify the differences between the experimental and control groups. The researcher adopted the experimental method. The study sample consisted of 62 second-year middle school students from Emir Abdelkader Middle School in El Milia during the 2012/2013 academic year. The participants were divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. Data were collected using a battery of physical fitness tests designed to measure endurance, speed, and the explosive power of both the upper and lower limbs. The scientific validity, reliability, and objectivity of the tests were verified before implementation. The results revealed no statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test measurements of the control group in most of the physical fitness components studied, except for speed. In contrast, the experimental group showed statistically significant improvements in all the physical fitness components under investigation. Furthermore, significant differences were found between the two groups in the post-test measurements in favor of the experimental group regarding endurance, speed, and explosive power of both the arms and legs. The study concluded that the competition-based educational program is an effective means of improving physical fitness components among middle school students. Therefore, incorporating competitive activities into physical education classes can contribute significantly to the development of students’ physical abilities and overall fitness levels.
Learning Units; Competition Method; Physical Fitness Components (Endurance; Speed; Strength); Age Group (12–13 Years).
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Development of Technical Skills among Football Players in the Pre-Training Stage
This study aimed to investigate the impact of the prolonged interruption of training sessions and sports competitions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on selected fundamental technical skills among under-15 football players. A descriptive comparative approach was adopted. The study sample consisted of 25 U15 football players from MC Oran Football Club. Data were collected using a battery of technical tests adapted from the assessment protocol developed by Dieter R. et al. (2000). The tests included ball juggling with both feet and the body, ball dribbling, and short- and long-pass accuracy tests. The results revealed a noticeable decline in the technical performance level of the players compared with the reference values reported in the European study. Lower scores were recorded in ball juggling, short- and long-pass accuracy, and ball-dribbling tests. These findings suggest that the prolonged interruption of training and competitive activities due to the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant negative impact on the acquisition and development of fundamental technical skills among football players in the pre-training stage. The study concludes that compensatory training programs should be implemented to improve the technical abilities most affected by the interruption period. Particular attention should be given to the development of basic football skills in order to reduce the observed performance gap and ensure the continuity of the players’ long-term development process.
COVID-19 Pandemic; Technical Skills; Football Players; Pre-Training Stage.
Common Injuries Among Young Football Players in Najaf Governorate Clubs
The importance of this research lies in its attempt to identify the injuries suffered by young football players, their frequency, and the most commonly injured body parts. This is crucial for mitigating the effects of these injuries, which could potentially end the promising careers of young football players. Identifying these injuries and their prevalence among the research sample, particularly within the crucial age group of youth, is a topic worthy of study. This research provides specialists in sports injury rehabilitation with data that can guide players towards appropriate treatment from specialized physicians, thus facilitating the rehabilitation phase, which falls within the core disciplines of physical education and sports science. To identify common injuries among young football players in Najaf Governorate clubs, the researcher employed a descriptive survey methodology, deemed suitable for the nature of the research problem. The current research population consists of 219 players from Najaf Governorate football clubs participating in the Iraqi Stars League (Najaf, Naft Al-Wasat), the Premier League (Kufa), and the Youth League (Najaf, Naft Al-Wasat, Kufa). The most common injury is to the adductor muscles, accounting for 17.11% of cases. Special attention should be paid to training the adductor and hamstring muscles, as they are the most susceptible to injury.
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence–Based Digital Transformation on Enhancing Governance and Achieving Sustainability in Media Organizations
This study aims to analyze the impact of artificial intelligence–based digital transformation on enhancing institutional governance and achieving sustainability in media organizations, in light of the rapid technological changes affecting the contemporary media sector. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach by reviewing and analyzing relevant literature and previous studies on digital transformation, artificial intelligence, governance, and sustainability. The study highlights the role of artificial intelligence in improving media production processes, enhancing content quality, optimizing resource management, and supporting data-driven decision-making. It also examines the contribution of intelligent technologies to strengthening transparency, accountability, and control mechanisms within media institutions, thereby increasing credibility and public trust. The findings indicate that AI-driven digital transformation represents a fundamental pillar for improving institutional performance and achieving economic, social, and professional sustainability by reducing operational costs, diversifying revenue sources, and enhancing the efficiency of human and technological resources. The results also reveal a strong integrative relationship between digital transformation, governance, and sustainability in media organizations. However, the study identifies several challenges associated with the adoption of artificial intelligence in the media field, including ethical issues, privacy protection, weak regulatory frameworks, and a shortage of specialized competencies. The study concludes that adopting a comprehensive strategic vision that integrates technological innovation, good governance, and sustainable development is essential to ensure successful digital transformation in media institutions.
Digital Transformation; Artificial Intelligence; Media Organizations; Institutional Governance; Media Sustainability; Digital Media; Media Management.
The effect of a weight training program on developing the respiratory efficiency of futsal players
The effects of the respiratory system on performance are particularly evident in sports requiring sustained effort, such as futsal. Developing this aspect is therefore crucial for improving athletic performance. This study aimed to develop a weight training program to enhance the respiratory efficiency of futsal players and to identify the impact of this program on their respiratory performance. The researcher employed an experimental approach with a two-group design (experimental and control) to best suit the nature of the research problem. The study population consisted of twelve futsal players representing the Islamic University futsal team. This population was divided into two groups of six players each. Weight training had a clear effect on increasing the anthropometric measurements of the working muscles. Consequently, the athletes' ability to perform the exercises improved as a result of training, demonstrated by enhanced resistance in the inhalation and exhalation muscles, improved breath control and depth, and the ability to regulate the respiratory system within the available space. This, in turn, increased the vital capacity of the futsal players, as the results showed. Therefore, the researcher recommends that one of the essential duties of football players is to focus on strengthening and improving the flexibility of their core muscles on the day they train in the gym, and not just on leg muscle exercises.
Weight training program; respiratory system; futsal.
The popular games and their role in developing the basic motor skills of the per-school in the locality of Umbada, Al-Baqa`a area, West
This study aimed to identify the role of traditional games in developing basic motor skills among preschool children in Khartoum State – Ombada locality. The descriptive survey method was adopted as it was appropriate for the nature of the study. The study population consisted of kindergarten teachers in Ombada locality – Al-Buqa’a West sector, totaling (120) teachers. A random sample of (80) teachers was selected. A questionnaire was used as the main tool for data collection, and the data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results indicated that traditional games effectively contribute to the development and improvement of basic motor skills. In addition, traditional games are not classified according to gender (male/female). The findings also revealed that preschool teachers believe in the important role of traditional games in developing basic motor skills and are keen to select appropriate tools according to each developmental level.
: Traditional games; Basic motor skills; Preschool child; Kindergarten; Motor education.
The relationship of some of the bio-kinematic variables of the readiness pause for the situation facing the serve and accuracy of Middle Euphrates tennis players
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between kinematic variables of the ready stance in the facing position and serve accuracy among tennis players in the Middle Euphrates region, with implications for skill development and training optimization. A descriptive correlational design was employed, including seven advanced-level players, each performing three trials analyzed using Kinovea motion analysis software. The study examined joint angles of the knees, hip, shoulder, and elbow, center of mass height and displacement, and ball contact height. Serve accuracy was measured through a target-based precision test on the court. Findings revealed significant positive correlations between knee and right elbow angles and serve accuracy, and a significant negative correlation between ball contact height and accuracy, while other preparatory variables, such as hip angle and trunk inclination, did not significantly affect precision. These results underscore the critical role of kinematic variables in optimizing movement sequences and maintaining mechanical balance during serve execution. Incorporating biomechanical analysis into training programs can enhance technical proficiency, correct movement errors, and maximize serve effectiveness and tactical advantage.
Biomechanical variables; stance readiness for facing situations; tennis.
The effect of high-pressure playing style training on maximum oxygen consumption and complex skills of young football players
This study addressed several key aspects, including the introduction and importance of the research, which lies in the use of exercises specific to a high-intensity playing style. The significance of the research lies in the development of these exercises, which utilize aerobic intensity (85-95% of VO2 max) with moderate rest periods. The researchers believe these exercises positively impact the maximum oxygen consumption of young football players, as well as developing their complex skills. The research problem stems from the researchers' field experience, which revealed a weakness in functional aspects, hindering players' ability to maintain performance until the end of a match. Therefore, the researchers decided to develop exercises based on a high-intensity playing style that would positively affect the maximum oxygen consumption and complex skills of young football players. These exercises involve high aerobic intensity with short rest periods. The main objective of the research is to identify the effect of exercises based on a high-intensity playing style on the maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2max) and complex skills of young football players. The researchers employed an experimental method to address this problem. The research sample consisted of (20) advanced players from Naft Al-Wasat Sports Club's football team. They were randomly divided into two equal groups (drawn by lot). The most important conclusion was that training with a high-intensity playing style led to an increase in VO2max (maximum oxygen consumption) by increasing muscle cell activity to expend more oxygen as energy. The most important recommendation is to advise coaches of teams in sports institutions under the Ministry of Youth and Sports, as well as coaches of clubs and national teams, to incorporate high-intensity playing style training into their training programs, given its tangible positive impact on players.
High-intensity playing style; Vo2max; Complex skills; Football